Frankenstien essay Essay Example for Free

Frankenstien essay EssayHow does Mary Shelley present Frankensteins monster and what is her message to readers? In this essay I sh each be answering the question on how Mary Shelley present Frankensteins monster and what is her message to readers? I will to a fault explore the irrational fears that existed, about the progression of science and scientific technology, in the 1800s and how they ar addressed in the story. I will conclude with a personal comment on Shelleys portrayal of the brute and scientific progress. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus was written by Mary Shelley in the early 19th century.At that prison term it was very unusual for women to write and purge more so because she was only 19 years of age. At this time there were many ambitious scientists. These new scientists were eager to research things they had not researched before. She prototypal published the book anonymously in 1818 when critics hailed it as the act of a genius and were very much su rprised when they found out that a woman had written it. This was also how initially reacted. Many scientific advances took place in the 18th and 19th centuries such as the invention of the promiscuousning conductor, and the creation of the first figure electric battery.In some federal agencys, the creation of the creature by Frankenstein shows the dangers of humans trying to overreach their potential with scientific research and knowledge. Victor Frankenstein, an ambitious Swiss university student, dedicates his entire life to trying to create life. Nonetheless, when he succeeds, the ugliness and repulsiveness of the creature forces Frankenstein to reject it. The creature faces a life of solitude and loneliness and gild rejects him even when it tries to help.This leads to the death of Frankensteins brother, William, whom the creature kills, and the servant, Justine, is hung after being found guilty of the crime. Frankenstein thence incurs the wrath of the creature by making a mate for it and then destroying it. This leads to the death of Henry Clerval, his best friend, and Elizabeth, his wife. In the end both the creature and Frankenstein die. The death of so many tribe can be a way of showing that scientific advance is not always the best way to go and that it can be dangerous at times.Themes which are, explored in Frankenstein are madness, dreams and nightmares. During Shelleys time there was a fear of new technology because of the dread that machines would replace humans as workers this would leave many of the peasants, and working class is out of a job. This led to riots and revolutions such as the Luddite riots of 1811, which saw machines smashed in violent reaction. This can be linked to riots and demonstrations today against abortion and test-tube babies that one sees in the media everyday. The novel begins with the expedition of an explorer named Walton.Walton is about to fulfill his ambition and go on his expedition to the North Pole. He wants to go to the North Pole because he wants to be remembered by discovering a place where no man has ever gone. Walton writes a letter to his sister from St. Petersburg. In his letter Walton says that he knows that ordinary people are worried about his ambitions. He says his sister regards it as an evil forbidding. Walton prepares for the expedition by being hard and very tough on himself as if he enjoys torturing himself. He states in the letter that heEndured cold, famine, thirst, and want of sleep Victor Frankenstein wants to push back the boundaries of science. He wants to create life so that people would live longer. The reason he desires to bring back life is that no one else had accomplished this before. He is also a scientist and wants to be remembered like all scientists. Victor Frankenstein is also very excited because he not only thinks he can bring back life but he also thinks he could create life. He says A new species would bless me as its creator and sourceHe thinks hes going to be thanked and thought of like a god by the new species he is about to create. Frankenstein prepares for this by attending lectures, reading books, not sleeping and putting himself wholly into his work Stars often disappeared into the light of the morning whilst I was yet engaged in my laboratory, meaning that Frankenstein spent so much time in the laboratory the nights passed quickly. This also shows the devotion to his work. His work appears to be dangerous because he went to places like charnel houses and vaults, which are considered to be very creepy.He spent days inside these places to collect raw materials, that is, torso parts for his creation. This indicates that he is prepared to do anything to accomplish his ambition, to bring back life. When the creature is in the process of being created, Frankenstein is portrayed as a passionate and maniac about what he is doing. He neglected his health due to his commitment to his work. I can discern this because he says My cheek had grown tired of(p) with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement. This tells me that he has become very ill because of his steadfastness on his mission to create artificial life. This can mean that he is too committed to reaching an objective that is out of any humans reach. In a way Mary Shelley also shows how Frankenstein is breaking societys taboos by collecting bones from charnel houses and disturbing, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame. This is shown as going against nature and as evil. He also describes his aim as filthy, with the use of the words my shop class of filthy creation

Social Medias Impact on Youth Marketing Essay Example for Free

Social Medias Impact on Youth denteting EssaySocial networking and smartphones give command an all-important role in the young marketing and media trends for 2011, as they have become part of the youth lifestyle and culture. The following trends result make it promiscuous to see why they are and pull up stakes continue to be a dominant force in the youth market for the year 2011 and beyond.1. Social mediaSeen by most as the heroicgest shift since the industrial revolution, social media has become an important aspect of the youth culture. 2011 will see more youth becoming accustom to social networking and more companies targeting the youth by means of this means, due to its smashing viral effect.It makes it also easy to understand why Time magazine named Facebook founder Mark Zackerberg man of the year for 2010.2. SmartphonesStandard phones cannot fully cater to the online and social networking craving of the youth and, as more companies and universities introduce polic ies that limit the use of social networking sites during the twenty-four hours/working hours, this has led to more youth jumping onto the smartphone bandwagon as a means of countering these restrictions.The increase in the number of smartphone users has also been greatly fuelled by the diminution in prices, which has made the phones more affordable for the youth.3. AppsMore youth are discovering that they can do more with their phones and this interest has given rise to the downloading of different applications. several(predicate) brands have different apps ranging from business applications to entertainment, but the one thing apps have in common is the fact that they make it easier and more exciting to use phones.With apple alone having over 300 000 applications to choose from and it having opened its Apple Mac application store on 6 January 2011 with over one million apps downloaded in one day and with all the new apps for the tablets, we can expect 2011 to be a year of apps .4. BBMBBM BlackBerry Messenger has taken the youth market by storm, and it is easy to see why RIM is one of the fastest growing companies in the world. The youth love sharing and staying connected and this is what BBM does, enabling them to share through instant messaging (IM).The idea behind BBM is to make it easier to share with friends, BUT, since it must be BlackBerry to BlackBerry, we can expect to see a rise in the number of youth making use of BBM, since by word of mouth more and more youth are convince their peers to join the family.5. Mobile craftThe rise in the number of youth using smartphones, and constantly logging onto the Internet through their phones, will see more and more companies seeking to muster in and interact with the youth through their cellphone devices. Messages sent through other forms of media may easily be lost in the clutter or neer seen, while those through the cellphone are direct and will definitely be opened by the cellphone owner.The youth are getting big on cellphone banking and making payments via their cellphones, so 2011 will see more youth doing mobile transactions.6. Mobile learningThe increase in the number of youth with smartphones and the increase in the time spent online will lead to more institutions and educational heads looking into conveying some of their educational material through cellphones, as a way of making education relevant to the youth culture and lifestyle.7. Online advertisingTraditional media platforms, such as television, radio and magazines, are under great threat from the Internet and its online community. As more people go by more time online, companies and brands are being forced to target them through this form of media.2011 will see a continued rise in online advertising, targeting the youth, from both local and international perspectives. Consequently, we can expect to see an increase in online advertising spend targeting the youth.8. Corporate social websitesWe are going to see a r ise in website integration for companies or brands that are targeting the youth market. Previously, websites were all about the political party however, the new shift has seen a change to cater to the dialogue with the youth and encourage them mostly to follow through Twitter feeds and connect through Facebook winnow pages.9. BloggingThe youth of today are very opinionated they want to be able to express themselves. More often than not, this expression gives rise to word of mouth.2011 will see the rise in the number of youth bloggers, who will post opinions about products and brands, and, with this kind of social activism on the rise, this is really going to keep a lot of companies on their feet.10. TabletsFor the early adopters and those that can afford it, the likes of the Apple iPad and the Blackberry Playbook are going to be the must-have tech gadgets.With Hewlett-Packard announcing its own webOS-based PalmPad, we can be for certain to expect a decrease in price of the gadget s on the local market and more youth being able to afford and taking up these gadgets.The newest version of the Android 3.0 Honeycomb was developed for devices such as tablets and is going to make them a pleasure to use.11. Wifi hot spotsWifi hotspots will attract more youth as they strive to stay connected, even when they are out and about. We are therefore going to see more cafes and restaurants provide to this by enabling wifi on their premises its no longer just what you have on your menu, but rather if you can stay connected while you eat and/or drink.

The functional organisation of the visual system

The functional organisation of the ocular arrangementThe aim of this essay is to describe the organisation of the optical system in congenator to its specific functions. In order to perform essential functions, the visual system is faced with many computational problems needing to be solved in order to abide by effective visual perception. This essay aims to describe one such computational problem the visual system must solve touch constancy. If wake-headed flood tide down from the sky changes glossiness, the perceived semblance of objects should also change, however this is non the case. The nervous system is highly involved in the routine of maintaining effective discolor constancy and this essay aims to look into how colour constancy is achieved in the nervous system. The first part of this essay will outline the functional organisation of the visual system, focusing on the general anatomical organisation, the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), organisation of the mantle and fit and hierarchal affect. Focus will then be on the chosen computational problem of colour constancy and the importance of the visual system maintaining successful constancy of colour. The next issue will be to assess how colour constancy is achieved indoors the human nervous system, focusing on the functional specialisation of the cortex, cone receptors and retinal involvement in essay to understand how colour constancy is maintained in the nervous system.The visual system is part of the central nervous system and includes the eyes, connecting pathways to the visual cortex and variant parts of the brain that collectively tout ensembleow for sight. The visual system must convert patterns of light that fall onto the retina into perception. Initial visual processing takes place within the retina, with the preliminary aim to convert information about luminance into information about contrast (Kuffler, 1953). All in all the visual system whole kit and caboodle by the rule of relative qualities, i.e the luminance of an object in relation the luminance of its surrounds. These relative qualities and comparisons take place within the retina.The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors (rods and cones) that invite light and send signals to bipolar cells, which ar connected to ganglion cells that send information to the LGN. The LGN has six layers four parvo-cellular layers and two magno-cellular layers. Ventral to each of these layers is a thin kinocellular layer. Parvo-cellular cells and kinocellular cells play a role in colour ken. thitherfore, initial colour vision takes place within the retina, with cone photoreceptors being specialised for colour processing. It has been demonstrate that there are three types of cone receptors within the retina which are sensitive to different wavelengths of light short wave length light (blue light), medium wavelength light (green light) and long wavelength light (red light). colouring material d etection is perceived largely by the relative activation of the short, medium and long wavelength cones. The trichromatic surmise of colour vision proposed by Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867) is a predominant theory into colour perception. Cone cell receptors contain light-sensitive photo pigments which allow them to respond to light and create colour vision. Young-Helmholtz theory proposed that we rent one cone type closely sensitive to short wavelength light (blue), one most sensitive to medium wavelength light (yellow/green) and finally one most sensitive to long wavelength light (red). It is the relative activation of each cone type that results in the perception of colour. Another dominant theory into colour processing has come from Herings (1878) opponent processing theory. Hering argued that there are three types of opponent processes within the visual system that account for colour perception. One opponent process results in the perception of red at one extreme and green at th e other extreme. Another type results in perception of yellow at one extreme and blue at the other. The final opponent process results in perception of black at one extreme and white at the other. Hering argued that it is the ratio of activation along these opponent processes that accounts for colour perception.Opponent cells have been found within the LGN, which provides functional evidence for the involvement of the LGN in colour vision. There are red/green colour coded cells and yellow/blue colour coded cells within the LGN which are essential for colour processing and colour constancy. However in essence the function of the LGN is to pass signals from the retina to the cortex quite an than to process them.Another important functional part of the visual system is the visual cortex, which contains cells that respond to wavelengths orgasm from an object in relation or comparison to wavelengths coming from surrounding objects. This comparison is essential in the analysis of colour . The visual cortex contains many layers of cells, with colour, form, deed and disparity being dealt with by separate groups of cells. It is divided into sub-layers IVA, IVB, IVC and IVC. Cells in the parvo-cellular layers of the LGN, dealing with colour, project to layers IVC and IVA, thus showing the functional organisation of the cortex.In the secondary visual cortex (V2), cells dealing with colour, form and disparity are also kept separate. V2 processes properties such as colour and brightness. V4 deals particularly with colour and form. The visual cortex is unionised into a columnar form. The similar properties of the cells within the cortical column are most likely due to the arrangement of anatomical connections. There have been found to be columns dominant for colour and orientation of edges. According to Zeki (1977) within area V4 there are separate columns for red, green and blue perception. Thus showing the visual cortex is organised on the basis of functions.One factor that has been made clear is that different features of a visual stimulus are dealt with in correspond processes within the visual system. The features of colour are kept separate through at least three levels of processing V1, V2 and V4. However it has been found that within these parallel processes, hierarchal processing occurs. Dew (1984), has provided clear evidence for a hierarchy of cells types within the colour system. Photoreceptors join onto opponent colour cells which respond to some wavelengths and not to others.The visual system is functionally organised to overcome many computational problems, one of which is colour constancy. chroma constancy is a tendency for a surface or object to appear to have the same colour when there is a change in wavelength contained in the illuminant. (Eysenk, 5th edition). The phenomenon of colour constancy indicates that colour vision does not depend only on the wave length of reflected light. The problem involved in colour constancy is t o assign colour to a scene in the ambient light (spectral reflectance) (Maloney, 1985). Spectral reflectance is the serving of light at each wavelength a specific surface reflects. As the illuminant power varies, the light reaching the eye also varies. However the percentage of light a surface reflects (due to its physical properties) does not change. The function of colour constancy is to subtraction the illuminant and domesticise information about surface spectral reflectance. Marr (1982) claimed that there must be an extra level of perception and processing. Light is reflected off objects with a fixed percentage of energy at each wavelength (surface spectral reflectance) and some of it enters the eye of the observer where is it selectively absorbed by cone receptors.The maintenance of colour constancy is achieved in the nervous system in various ways. The functional specialisation of the cortex is one way in which colour constancy is achieved. Zeki (1992, 1993) argued that di fferent parts of the cortex have different and specialised functions. V1 and V2 have been found to have enters in early stages of visual perception. Both cortical areas contain specialised cells responsive to colour and form which process these properties and relay signals to specialised visual areas, (Zeki, 1992, p47). V3 and V3A have been found to be responsive to form and shape but have no input in colour processing. V4 however has been found to be responsive to colour and combines connections from temporal and parietal cortex, (Baizer, Underleider and Desimone, 1991). Zekis critical assumption was that colour and motion are treat in anatomically distinct parts of the visual cortex. Lueck et al (1989) have provided supporting experimental evidence of the anatomically distinct processing of colour. They presented coloured or grey squares to observers. PET scans showed 13% more blood flow within area V4 when presented with coloured stimuli, other areas were found to be unaffected . On the other overhaul Wade, Bewer, Rieger and Wandell (2002) used FMRI and found areas V1 and V2 were also actively involved in colour perception. Zeki (1983) has provided evidence for the involvement of V4 in promoting colour constancy. Zeki found that within monkeys, original cells in area V4 responded strongly to a red patch in a multicoloured display illuminated predominantly by red light. These cells did not respond when the red patch was replaced by green, white or blue patches, even though the dominant reflected wavelength was red. Therefore these cells respond to the actual colour rather than the wavelength reflected from it and has a role in the process of colour constancy. Lesions in area V4 have been found to impair colour constancy while other aspects of colour vision are unaffected, (Heywood and Cowey 1999). The cortical area of V4 has argued to be able to distinguish differences between surface colour and colour of the illuminant thus being important in achieving c olour constancy.Land (1977) retinex theory argues that both the retina and the cortex are involved in visual processing. The basic assumption of this theory is that we decide the colour of a surface by comparing its ability to reflect short, medium and long wavelengths against adjacent surfaces. When comparisons cannot be made, colour constancy does not occur. The three types of photoreceptors in the retina absorb light each level of activation within each cone receptor is compared to that of others. Kraft and Brainard (1999) conducted a visual experiment in a box which included a tube wrapped in tin foil, a pyramid and a cube as well as a Mondrian stimulus. When all objects were visible, colour constancy was high (83%), even with changes in twinkle. Progressively removing the cues decreased colour constancy. The most important factor in maintaining colour constancy was local anaesthetic contrast, involving the comparison of retinal cone responses from the target surface with tha t of the immediate background. Colour constancy dropped to 53% when local contrast information was not available. Also world(a) contrast was important the retinal cone responses from the target surface are compared to the cone responses of the whole visual scene. When observers could not use global contrast colour constancy dropped from 53% to 39%. This therefore indicates that we need to know about lots of different stimuli in the visual scene if we are to calculate what the illuminant is like, discount it and achieve colour constancy.Photoreceptors have therefore been shown to be firmly involved in colour constancy which provides evidence for the involvement of the nervous system. Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867) trichromatic theory of colour vision and Herings (1878) opponent process theory outlined previously in this essay provide evidence that photoreceptor cone cells within the retina are heavily involved in colour perception and constancy. Shepard (1990) stated that the trichroma cy of human colour vision is a reflection of the three phases of natural light/illumination light-dark light, red-green light (low sun) and yellow-blue light (poor illumination and sky light). To achieve colour constancy on the basis of their surface reflectances, the visual system must discount perceptually for the three types of variation in illumination. Shepard (1990) and Maloney and Wandell (1986) argued that trichromacy of the visual system allows for colour constancy.In conclusion it has been shown that the visual system is highly organised on a functional basis. The visual system is faced with many computational problems which it must solve. Evidence that functional specialisation of cortical areas, cone receptors and the retina are methods for which the nervous system uses to overcome the problem of colour constancy.Word Count 1992.Baizer, Ungerkeider and Desimone, (1991). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive psychological science, (pp.38). Psychology Press.Ca rlson, (7th edition). Physiology of Behaviour. pp184-186. Pearson Education Company.Daw, (1984). The psychology and physiology of colour vision. Trends in Neurosciences. Pp 330-336.E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the school of thought of Perception. (pp80-105). New York RoutledgeEysenck M. Keane M (2005). Cognitive Psychology, 5th edition p.33-54. Psychology Press.Eysenck M. And Keane M. Cognitive Psychology, 5th edition p.49. Psychology Press.Gross, R, (2005) Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, (5th edition) p.89-91.Hodder Arnold.Hering (1878). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology. pp 50. Psychology Press.Hering (1878). In Gross, R, Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, 5th edition p.89Heywood and Cowey, (1999). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). CognitivePsychology, pp.53. Psychology Press.Kraft and Brainard, (1999). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp.53) . Psychology Press.Kuffler, S. W. (1953). Discharge patterns and functional organisation of mammalian retina. Journal of Neuropsychology, 16, pp37-68.Land (1977). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the philosophical system of Perception. (pp81-90). New York Routledge.Land, (1977, 1982). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp81-86). New York Routledge.Land (1977). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp.52-53). Psychology Press.Luek et al. (1989). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp 39). Psychology Press.Maloney, (1985). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. pp43. New York Routledge.Maloney, (1985). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Scienceand the Philosophy of Perception. pp81. New York Routledge.Malo ney and Wandell (1986), In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. pp194-195. New York Routledge.Marr, (1982). In E. Thompson (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp42) New York Routledge.Shepard, (1990). In Thompson. E, (first edition). Colour Vision. A study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception. (pp190-195). New York Routledge.Snowden, Thompson and Troscianko, (2006). Basic Vision, an introduction to visual perception. (pp159-163). Oxford University Press.Wade, Brewer, Rieger and Wandell, (2002). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, (pp 39). Psychology Press.West, G. (1979). Colour Perception and Limits of Colour Constancy. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 8, 47-53.Young-Helmholtz (1800/1867). In Gross, R, (2005). Psychology the science of mind and behaviour, 5th edition p.90. Hodder Arnold.Zeki (1992, 1993). In E ysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, pp.37-42. Psychology Press.Zeki (1983). In Eysenck M. And Keane M (5th edition). Cognitive Psychology, pp.53. Psychology Press.Zeki, (1977). Colour Coding in the Superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey visualcortex. operation of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. Pp195-223.

Cafe Expresso And Sustained Competitive Advantage

Cafe Expresso And Sustained Competitive AdvantageThe purpose of this report was to critically analyse the Human option and mathematical process worry systems of Cafe Expresso as a source of sustain warring advantage. Specific objectives were to discuss the Human imagery, as a source of sustained warring advantage (under RBV) in a company. In addition, the implications of RBV ( vision ground View) on SHRM (Strategic Human Resource worry) of an organization were discussed and how per exerciseance management systems atomic number 18 put in transport to multiply its efficiency. The role of motorbuss in this regard was also analysed to certain extent. In the end, threat posed to Caf Expresso was identified and recommendations were offered.One of the challenges faced by the company was the sustainability of its matched advantage. The report recommends an extensive use of innovation and creativity at all levels of management in the company and futuristic approach in all its str ategies and decision-making process. remand of ContentsIntroductionThe expression study on which this report is based, deals with one of the renowned players of the coffee house industry, called the Caf Expresso. After reining the coffee industry for near 15 years, they lost their market shargon at the hand of rival competitors. As their divulge staff was poached and business form imitated.The pertly leadership in the form of charismatic chief executive, Ben Thomson, identified the problem in companys clement mental imagery and appointed, Kam Patel as a unfermented global HR director to secernate it mother on. Kam Patel worked on the new HR system to achieve Bens vision of becoming the number one coffee house across the globe. She revolutionised the role of HR and introduced functions of colleague Resources, where all employees were termed as partners in the business. Other key areas on which she centre were, resourcing and storage, learning and development, talent ma nagement, employee involvement and communication, and compensation and benefits. Her efforts reaped results and Caf Expresso moved to number two in the industry. The service had improved considerably and at that place was an increased level of staff and customer retention.However, they were now concerned about sustaining and developing this warlike advantage, which they achieved done prize strategy and innovative HR practices (Harzing and pinnington, 2011).Objectives of the reportThe main objectives of the report are to discuss the Human Resource Management strategy of caf expresso in light of Resource Based Theory presented by Barney (1991). Followed by key recommendations, as to how it can further develop or maintain its emulous advantage, based on this perspective. end of the reportThe purpose of this report is to put forward an inductive theoretical discussion, where by, the clement resource in an organization can be viewed as a source of sustained private-enterprise(a) a dvantage. In order to accomplish our mission, we will focus on the need to introduce the Strategic Human resource Management and the summary of Resource Based View of an organization, as well as, cursory touching upon the old and new conflicting theories in the process. We will then find the circumstances, under which the gentleman resource is actually valuable, rear, inimitable and non-substantial (VRIO theoretical account). We will draw an end to literature review by discussing the implications of RBV on basic SHRM and shell case study. Finally, we will discuss the inferences and put forward recommendations, as to how gracious resources can provide sustained competitive advantage and analyzing the role of HR practices in creating this advantage.Limitations receivable to word limit, this report only discusses the theoretical research carried in the domain of SHRM development and non the empirical research.Literature ReviewStrategic Human Resource Management and Transformatio nArmstrong (20085) defines Human Resource Management as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an geological formations most valued as come downs- the people operative there, who several(prenominal)ly and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. Therefore, strategic HRM can be termed as those HR policies and practices, which will help an scheme in achieving its long-term goals and objectives through its people. Purcell (1999) defines strategic HRM as those actions, which differentiate an organsiation from its competitors in the market.HR policies and practices are no longer being formulated in isolation, as in the past. In the cash in ones chips half a century, HR functions have transformed from personnel in 1970s to employee welfare (unions) in 1990s to a strategic business partners in 21st century (Holbeche, 2009 Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). The current period of HR transformation has been greatly influenced by Dave Ulrichs thinking (Holbe che, 2009).Strategic Management FrameworkStrategic management has seen rummy advancement in the past half a century. Ever since the realisation of strategy into management, both academic researchers and practitioners have shown great interest in this field (Wright, et al, 1994). The business strategy encompasses the organisations strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats-SWOT (Chanda, 2009). The strategists have relied extensively on this single framework (SWOT) to structure their work (Barney, 1991). Other contribution in this framework is Porters- 5 military unit Model in Fig.1.1, which emphasizes on the external environmental situationors affecting pisseds performance. Porters model did receive a wide range of acceptability by the practitioners, but it does not cater for the determinants, on which a companys manager has influence (Wright, et al, 1994).Keeping in view the above mentioned strategic management theories, based on external factors find out the competitive a dvantage of an organization, let us now narrow down to strategic man resource management. In this regard, the most relative one is the Outside-in (Michigan HRM Model) theory, frontmost published by Tichy, et al., 1982) According to them, People are recruited in to the organisations to do the jobs defined, by the division of labour. Performance must be monitored and rewards must be precondition to keep individuals productive (Devanna, et, al, 1984). In their model, Fig.2.2 Strategic management and environmental pressures they present the basic members as inter cogitate systems, that are surrounded in the work related environment.CUsersShahrukhDesktopR0801E_A.gifFig.2.1 The five competitive forces that shape strategySource Harvard Business review, 2008However, critics suggest that this model has harder, less clementistic approach to HRM, holding the employees as a resource, in the same manner as any other business resource. People can be obtained as cheap as thinkable, used spa ringly, develop and exploited to organizations benefit (Price, 2011). Another limitation to this model is that, it cannot fit into dynamic and globalized economic conditions, where innovation and learning is the key to sustained competitive advantage.One of the forthcoming and current theoretical discussions on strategic management is the Resource Based View of an organization (Barney, 1991 Wright, 1993). This theory of strategic management is different from environmentally-focused and externally motivate theories (e.g., Poter, 1980 Tichy, et al, 1982 Devanna, et al, 1984). It mainly focuses on the inside out view of the organization (Barney, 1991), its strategy and its performance (Hill and Jones, 2007).Further more than, the Resource Based model of competitive advantage is mainly organisation- focused as compared to strategic management analysis by Porter and Devanna, which are industry environment- focused (Mc Williams and Smart cited in Wright, 1994).Resource Based View of an organisationResource based view of a company as described above, emphasizes upon the internal resources of the company as a major factor in competitive success and sustainability (Wright, et al, 1994). It is therefore, imperative to briefly focus on the definitions of resources, competitive advantage and sustained competitive advantage.Resources within Resource Based TheoryAccording to Barney(1991101) the resources in a substantial are all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a firm that enable a firm to conceive of and fulfil strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness. Barney also classifies these resources in to three categories, oft(prenominal) as, physical capital resources, human capital resources and organizational capital resources (Wright, et al, 1994). Since our focus is on human capital resources, therefore, according to Barney, it includes such things as experience, intelligence of b oth managers and workers in an organisation.Competitive and sustained competitive advantageWhen discussing the RBV of a firm, the above mentioned resources are in fact the source of competitive advantage. Barney (1991102) believes competitive advantage is being achieved when a firm is implementing a value creating strategy, not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. In contrast, in the environmentally motivated strategic models (e.g. Porters 1980 Devanna1984), the resources are considered to be mobile and that companies can bring about or purchase, resources held by the other firms (Wright, et al, 2001).The second definition is the sustained competitive advantage. Some authors have suggested that a sustained competitive advantage is simply a competitive advantage that lasts long period of calendar time (e.g. Jacobson 1988 Porter1985) (Barney, 1991). Whereas, the new theory is that sustained competitive advantage occurs only when the competitors ar e unable to copy the benefits of a competitor advantage at the first place (Wright, et al, 1994). Therefore, the criteria chalked down by Barney (1991) for sustained competitive advantage in his resource based theory is VRIO regard as should be created through resourceThere should be an element of uniqueness or rarity in the resource as compared to its competitors in the marketThe resource should not be imitableThe resource of an organisation should not be substitutable with resources from other competitorsHuman Resource under VRIO FrameworkWe have established that human resource is one of the components of sustained competitive advantage. Let us now further discuss it under the resource based (VRIO) framework (Barney Wright 1997).Human Resource as ValuableAs mentioned above, in order for human resource to become the source of sustained competitive advantage, it needs to add value to the firm (Elliot, 2003). According to Barney (1991), resources must possess additional characterist ics, in order for them to add value to the organization. Other researchers believe that because of the variable level of skills and abilities of employees, there is a discrepancy in individual contribution to the firm, consequently adding to the ability of human capital to provide value. (Wright, et al, 1994). In addition, value can also be created within the organisation for its human resource through regular training and development activities (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005).Human Resource as RareIn contrast to the idea of rarity of human resources, it can be argued that bear on pool is in fact homogenous due to existence of fairly spicy levels of unemployment, leading to an excess of supply of labor (Elliot, 2003). However, it is widely believed amongst the HR strategists that rarity in a human resource is derived from their variable levels of competencies and skills. For example, cognitive is an ability which is ra swan found in all levels of human resource (Wright, et al, 1994) . Since these rare competencies are distributed uniformly amongst the talent pool, therefore, quality human resource is rare (Lado and Wilson 1994).Human Resource as inimitableAccording to Wright et al (1994), If the competitive advantage gained through having a high quality skilled worker is easily imitable, then it not possible for human resource to pretend as a source of sustained competitive advantage. According to the RBV of competitive advantage, SHRM researches argue that the high quality workers can be imperfectly imitable, if they possess pre-requisites such as, unique historical background, casual ambiguity and social intricacy (Elliot, 2003). Furthermore, to sustain a competitive advantage, the human resource must also be imperfectly mobile i.e. that cannot be traded as regularly as possible (Amit Shoemaker Grant Peteraf, cited in Elliot 2003). However, William (1992) argues that nothing lasts forever and no matter what the organisation does, its competitive advantage w ill eventually be copied by its competitors. Therefore, he purposes the idea of First mover advantage- how fast an organization can maneuver across a range of competitive conditions.Human Resource as non-substitutableNot able to be substituted mean that there must be no strategically tantamount(predicate) valuable resources that are themselves either not rare or imitable (Barney 1991111). Alternatively, if the resources are not rare and imitable, the other firms will be able to easily create and implement same business model and strategies, thus, invalidating the benefits of competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). However, it is widely argued that the biggest advantage to human resource is the fact that every person is genetically unique in a way that no two people are exactly identical, thus they are heterogeneous resource (Barney Wright, 1997 Wright et al, 1994 Pfeffer, 1995). In addition, human resources is the only source in an organisation, which has the potential to not to gro w obsolete and can be easily introduced to new technologies, products and markets (Wright, et a, 1994). Furthermore, the time human resource spends in an oragnisation, adds to the experience which in turn adds to the total value of the organisation (Barney Wright, 1997).Applying RBV to SHRM and sustained competitive advantageAs it is mentioned in para.2.1 that SHRM is a set of those HR policies and practices, which are designed to achieve long-term organizational goals. Though field of SHRM has not directly born of the RBV, it has clearly been instrumental to its development (Wright Dunford Snell 2001). It was largely due to the fact that RBV shifted the view from external (environmental) factors to internal firm resources as a source of competitive advantage (Hoskisson 1999). Therefore, amalgamation of RBV into SHRM should come as no surprise to the practitioners nearly the world.HR practices and sustained competitive advantageThe potential of HR practices to establish a source o f sustained competitive advantage has been argued greatly amongst academic researchers (Wright, et al 2001). Two arguments came in quick succession in 1994. Wright et al (1994) suggested that HR practices (tools used to manage human pool), when studied under the RBV, VRIO framework (Barney and Wright 1997), does not form the basis of sustained competitive advantage. As, individual HR practices can easily be imitated by competitors. Alternatively, they proposed that only the human resource capital ( passing skilled and highly motivated workforce) has the potential to become the source of sustained competitive advantage for a firm (Elliot 2003).In contrast, Lado and Wilson (1994) argued that HR practices are in fact the source of sustained competitive advantage for firm because HR systems (opposite to individual practices) can be unique, informally ambiguous and synergetic in way they develop firm competencies. Thus, HR practices with all its complementariness and interdependencies wo uld be impossible to be copied by another competitor. This argument seems valid in the current SHRM paradigm (Wright, et al 2001).Development and performance managementThe constant development in the field of SHRM has rendered RBV to achieve some consensus on the role of human resource in achieving sustained competitive advantage (Wright et al 2001). These factors are illustrated in Fig.2.5.Fig.2.5 A model of basic strategic HRM componentsCUsersShahrukhDesktop1-s2.0-S0149206301001209-gr1.gifSource Journal of Management (2001)The components depicted in Fig.2.5 are only the levers by which a pool of human capital can be developed (Wright et al, 1994). The role of managers in a firm is inherently limited, when it comes to defining the sources of sustained competitive advantage under VRIO framework (wright et al 2001). However, Wright et al (1994) argues that the managers can play a vital role in developing a pool human capital (highly skilled and motivated workers) by superior HR pract ices such asExtensive selection and recruitment processSystems to attract, identify and retain high quality employeesTraining programs aimed at increasing and developing individual skills and competenciesAttractive wages and compensation packagesBased on Wright et als(1994) model, Elliot(2003) suggests that the next aim of an HR manager is to affect the individual behavior of employees by introducing Performance Management Systems supportive of firms competitive strategy. For example, Reward systems, Appraisal systems, communication systems and socialization systems and encourage employees to improve their individual performance, where by, they can deliver and act in the best interest of the organization (Wright et al, 1994).Link between theory practice- Caf ExpressoHere, we will link theory to practice, by practically, adding the example from the case-study on Caf Expresso.After Ben Thomson (CEO) decided to re-launch Caf Expressos business strategy, the main emphasis of his progra m was the refurbishment of HR department. As, this discussion focuses on modern HRM theories and practices in light of RBV, it is translucent that the new HR director, Kam patel, applied almost the same strategy. For exampleTo start with, they set aside the external (outside-in) environment (Michigan model by Devanna et al (1984) and Porters forces model (1985)) and focused on the firms internal (Inside-out) HRM strategy and practices (RBV of the firm by Barney (1991) and Wright et al (1994)).Due to high turn-over of employees in the industry and weak retention, they identified the key human capital of the company, as a source of competitive advantage (based on Wright et al, 1994).Kam Patel, with her futuristic and modern approach, transformed the HR function as Partner Resources (based on Holbeche, 2009 Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005).She introduced performance management systems, for example, objective and development needs, in relation to knowledge, technical skills and behavioral s kills. Performance appraisal was conducted bi-annually and feedback from customers and peers were included in the process. (Based on Wright et al, 1994 Elliot, 2003).Under the VRIO framework (Barney, 1991), Caf Expresso did manage to create Value, Rarity, Inimitability and non-substitutability through their superior HR practices.Value and Rarity by introducing learning and development feature in their HR practice, for example, new recruits were advance to spend time on the floor. They spent a day in Caf Expresso development Centre, learning the company history and coffee industry. They were made Caf expresso ambassador by taking part in the coffee master program. They were groomed through mentor system, where both baristas and managers were provided with a buddy, who would support and provide assistance in their job. In addition, the new resourcing technique (window advertsing and word of mouth) meant that most of their selected partners were actually loyal customers in the past, w hich is a rare human resource pool in a firm (Harzing Pinnington, 2011).In-imitability and non-substitutability is measured by the fact that caf expresso possessed a unique team of partners (mostly former customers) with the same love and passion for coffee house experience amongst them. Furthermore, the retention strategy offered was of high quality and included wide range of benefits, for example, share option scheme and discount of 30% was offered to partners on all caf expresso stores. In addition, they empowered their partners to provide suggestions and ideas. Partner Voice a company magazine was introduced, by which all employees were kept aware of all the activities of the company (Harzing Pinnington, 2011).ConclusionOne of the objectives, set in the introduction part of this paper was to analyse the HRM strategy of Caf Expresso in light of Barneys (1991) Resource Based Theory. It is proven from the discussion that Caf Expresso did work on its HR policies and practices bas ed on the reigning Resource Based Theory by Barney and Wright. The link between Caf Expressos HR practices and companys performance has been established through the above mentioned theory. For example, when Ben Thomson did not find any solution in the external (industrial) environment, he turned his focus inside the company and immediately discovered problems in the internal resources out of which the most important one was the HR function. With RBV of the firm he added value to the firm by employing an experienced HR director Kam Patel. She in turn added more value and rarity to the firm by introducing empirical HR strategies and unparalleled performance management systems. The result was that Caf Expresso started to grow and moved to second place in the industry (Harzing Pinnington, 2011).It has been established that human resource can become a source of competitive advantage in the industry, as well as, a possible source of sustained competitive advantage when scrutinized under VRIO framework (Wright et al, 1994). Furthermore, Caf Expresso did achieve the competitive advantage they hoped for, but the true test of the robustness of their strategy is in fact sustainability and development of the same.Finally, is it enough for Caf Expresso to not to worry any more about their current competitive advantage, as, they have fulfilled all the prerequisites of the Resource Based Theory of competitive advantage laid down in the paper? The answer will be discussed in the Recommendations part.RecommendationsDespite the debate amongst strategists and scholars continue, regarding the effectiveness of RBV, there is no denying the fact that sustainability is the function of companys key resources and their immobility (Brahma Chakraborty, 2011). Undoubtedly, the question is what makes these resources absolutely, valuable? Petraf and Barney (2003312) state that, Resource Based Theory (RBT) is not the only or a best substitute for industrial level analytical tools, such as five-force analysis (Porter, 1980) or for group analysis or analysis of macro environment. It is comparatively an additional tool to complement all these tools, where by, one can search for possible causes of sustained competitive advantage.In view of the above, I have come up with following recommendations for caf expresso and their issue of sustained competitive advantageAphorism Innovate or Die is a famous saying these days, which warns companies to innovate or face the consequences of being driven out of the market for good (Barney, Ketchen Wright, 2011). Rapid advancement in the field of Information sharing technologies, Globalisation and dynamic economic environment are some of the factors, which pose an existent threat to any companys competitive advantage in the market. Companies, such as Caf Expresso, should not only rely on one successful strategy for long but should constantly revise and develop new ideas to develop and maintain their competitive advantage.How time affec ts strategy? The common denominator is time this approach helps managers become proactive in creating change- in policies, in practices and in processes. Williams (1992) suggested this theory for sustained competitive advantage, which I believe holds much valid in todays fierce business environment. The success in this theory is embedded in the managers ability to change the rules of the game so entirely that the competitors are left behind in the chase. The management of caf expresso should keep their options open and avoid fixation.Futuristic leadership at all levels in the organisation is one of the key factors to sustained competitive advantage. A visionary team of managers will push the organization towards innovation and creativity, avoiding stagnation in the process. Ben Thomson (current CEO) should constantly monitor market for new avenues and trends in the coffee house industry. He should also develop and train his key managers to become visionary and creative.Capacity for change is an all-time important element of a sustained competitive advantage. Due to highly fluid business environment, where new technologies and features enter the market every day, a company should possess a capacity to change its internal business ethos accordingly. Human resource in an organization has a great capacity to change and being exposed to new environments.Being Customer focused is last but not the least of worries for a company such as, caf expresso. The kind of industry in which it operates is directly have-to doe with in customer service and satisfaction. Much study has been done on customer service and retention in the past two decades or so, because the focuses of almost all the businesses have now shifted in the direction of its customers. The future of entire coffee house business is embedded in this single aspect.

U.S Attitudes Towards Transgender People

U.S Attitudes Towards Transgender populateIn the United States, there ar unassigned rules and standards of which heap are anticipate to conform to, gender being one of them. Throughout history plurality countenance only known both types of sex, female and male, but what nigh sepa station gender identities? People tend to develop attitudes about those who tell themselves as the opposite gender. These attitudes are influenced by a variety of factors religion, morals, political ideology, just to line a few. I wanted to see what really influences the attitudes the nation holds towards transgender people. The articles I discuss address U.S. attitudes towards those individuals and provide insight of why they feel have those attitudes.The article, Heterosexuals Attitudes Towards Transgender People Finding from a National Probability Sample of U.S Adults, by Aaron T. Norton and Gregory M. Herek, introduces a canvas that describes the correlations of mens and womens attitudes tow ards transgender people. They surveyed 2,281 participants, and the survey foc characterd on fiver hypotheses, each system focusing on different aspects that contribute towards heterosexual men and women attitudes towards transgender people. The first, heterosexuals attitudes toward transgender people are arbitraryly correlated with their attitudes toward sexual minorities (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.5). The participants attitudes were measured with a series of feeling thermometers, and the participants were told, using a scale from zero to 100, please tell us your person-to-person feelings toward each of the following groups The warmer or much favorable you feel toward the group, the higher the number you should give it, vis-versa. (Norton & Herek, 2010, p. 6). If the participant felt neither warm or cold toward the group, they would rate it 50 (Norton & Herek, 2012, p. 6). The participants were similarly told to use a 5- point scale, ranging from strongly reconcile to strongly disagree, for Attitudes Towards Lesbians (ATL) and Attitudes Towards Gay Men (ATG) (Norton & Herek, 20102, p.6). The higher the scores indicated higher levels of sexual prejudice. The results for this hypothesis show that transgender people are highly correlated with the four sexual minority groups festal men, lesbian women, bisexual men, and bisexual women, and they are also invalidatingly correlated with the scores of the ATG and ATL. (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.7). manage the first hypotheses, the four-other focus on similar aspects that correlates towards the negative attitudes people have towards transgender people. The second hypothesis states, they attitudes are more negative among men than women, was proven to be true (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.4). According to the study heterosexual man have more negative ratings to all men targets (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.8). Men also scored higher than women, meaning great prejudice on both the ATG and ATL scale. Hypothesis three stated tha t to the extent heterosexual respondents endorse a binary, conception of gender, their attitudes toward transgender people are more negative (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.4). 46.5% agreed that there is non enough respect for their natural divisions between the sexes, while 19.5% disagreed, and 34.0% reported they were in the middle. In all the results concluded that attitudes towards transgender people were correlated with endorsement of gender binary beliefs (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.8). Transgender attitudes are correlated with the same social psychological variables that have consistently been observed to correlate with heterosexuals attitudes toward sexual minorities, is what the fourth hypothesis stated (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.4). This hypothesis looks at four different correlations authoritarianism, political ideology, religion, and personal contact with sexual minorities of attitudes toward transgender people. I focused on three of the four, political ideology, religion, and pers onal contact with sexual minorities. 48.2% described their political ideology was moderate, while 26.5% were liberal and 30.7% were buttoned-up (Norton & Herek, 2012, p. 9). The conservative respondents gave lower thermometer rating (25.39%), followed by moderate (32.18%), then liberals (39.23%), so meaning that conservative individuals had more negative, prejudice attitudes toward transgender people (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.9). The second of the four correlations I focused on was religion. It was found that women who have a great helping hand of religious guidance in their day-to-day living, had transgender ratings that were significantly more negative (Norton & Herek, 2012, p. 9). The results also concluded that prior contact with gay or lesbian people meant that thermometer scores were higher, less prejudice, than respondents who had lacked such contact (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.9). The fifth and last hypothesis that the survey tested was, mens attitudes toward both groups are linked I similar ways to the variables specified in hypotheses 3 and 4 If sexual prejudice is controlled, between those variables and mens transgender attitudes should be reduced to no importation consistent with previous findings. (Norton & Herek, 2012, p. 4). While hypothesis five had little support, it concluded that heterosexual mens attitudes toward transgender people and their political and gender beliefs reduced when their attitudes toward gay men were statistically controlled (Norton & Herek, 2012, p. 110). It also concluded that with ATG scores controlled, womens attitudes were predicted by authoritarianism and anti-egalitarianism, and so were mens showing gender differences in the psychological roots of transgender attitudes were not observed (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.11). Aaron Norton and Gregory Hereks article about the attitudes heterosexuals have about transgender people was very interesting, I found that the study focused on some of the main aspects that influence het erosexuals attitudes towards transgender people in the U.S. I also gained knowledge about why people may have such attitudes. I feel that the content overwhelmd throughout this article is very relevant with some of the topics we have discussed in class, such as, ethic, religions, and sexuality, and gender identity as a whole. The article included many finding that I agree with. One being that, attitudes towards transgender people were more negative among heterosexual men than heterosexual women (Norton & Herek, 2012, p.1). I believe that to be true, statistics prove it, but also though out the community I live in. I have observed the attitudes and stigmatizations transgender people face in my community, and I have witness more negative attitudes coming from the heterosexual men that I have contact with. I also agree that being exposed to more sexual minorities, leads to people having less sexual prejudice toward transgender people. I have found that by having contact with those who identify as lesbian or gay, makes me more accepting of transgender people. I believe that the survey as a whole helps readers gain more knowledge about the prejudice attitudes people, especially heterosexuals, have towards transgender individuals within the Unites States. The article, Boys Dont Cry or Do They? Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Transgender Youth, by Hogler Elischberger, Jessica Glazier, Eric Hill, and Lynn Baker-Verduzco present a survey study that examines the attitudes U.S. adults have toward transgender pip-squeakren and adolescents. at that place were 281 individuals (128 male, 152 females, and 1 missing information) that participated in the survey and reported that had generally favorable attitudes toward transgender minors (Elischberger, Glazier, Hill, Verduzco, 2016, p. 199). The survey first assesses the attitude adults had toward transgender people by asking a series of questions. It then assesses their demeanour intentions with two hypothetical situati ons. The study concluded with the presumed bowel movements of gender uncharacteristicity, where the participants were asked to indicate how strongly biological (nature) and environmental (nurture) cause affect atypical behavior (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p.203).The article, Boys Dont Cry or Do They? Attitudes Toward andBeliefs About Transgender Youth, by Hogler Elischberger, Jessica Glazier, EricHill, and Lynn Baker-Verduzco presents a survey study that examines theattitudes U.S. adults have toward transgender children and adolescents. Therewere 281 individuals (128 male, 152 females, and 1 missing information) thatparticipated in the survey and reported that had generally favorable attitudestoward transgender minors (Elischberger, Glazier, Hill, Verduzco, 2016, p. 199). The survey first assesses the attitude adults had toward transgenderpeople by asking a series of questions. It then assesses their behavior intentionswith two hypothetical situations. The study concluded with th e presumed causesof gender atypicality, where the participants were asked to indicate howstrongly biological (nature) and environmental (nurture) cause affect atypicalbehavior (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p.203). The survey first assesses the participants attitudes,with a series of attitude statements. The participants used a 10-point Likerttype scale ranging from 1, completely disagree, and 10, completely agree to seerate their attitudes toward the list of statements provided. The statements given included Personally, Iview this gender atypical behavior as a problem because Six of thesestatements were provided that differed in terms of the priming cited for thedisapproval it is against my morals, it contradicts my religious views,Bit will hurt the childs teenagers current relationships with theirpeers, Bit will be a bad influence on other children teenagers,it mayhave an effect on the childs teenagers sexual orientation it goesagainst nature. A seventh option, the childs behavior is not wrong for any onespecific reason, it is just inappropriate (Elischberger et. al., 2016 p.201).These statements allowed the participants to express their attitudes withoutgiving a specific reason. The attitudes result for this part of the survey,although relatively low, showed that attitudes were less positive in theparticipants who had religious affiliation, conservative social-politicalviews, and stronger conformity to certain traditional gender norms however,the endorsement level of participants was highest (7.34 out of 10) with thestatement, I do not find the behavior a problem (Elischberger et. al., 2016,p. 202). Thus, meaning that the majority of participates did not have a problemwith transgender people.The second part of the survey consisted of how participants might act in two hypothetical situations that involved a gender-atypical child or adolescent. The scenarios were (a) using the restroom appropriate for their gender opposed to sex, and (b) sharing a cabin/room o n a school trip with peers of the same gender (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p.203). The participants were asked to put themselves into the positions of the parent of the nonconforming child, the parent of one of the childs peers, the childs teacher, and a school administer (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p.203). The response ranged on a 1(lowest and 10 (highest) possible scores, with higher numbers indicating a stronger intent to limit gender expression in each scenario (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p. 203). On average, all the average results ranged between 4 and 6. In the restroom scenario, the results indicated that if the participant was the parent of the transgender child they would more than likely want their child to use the restroom of which they identified with, however, if they were in the administrator position they would be less likely to want that child to use their assigned restroom (Elischberger et. al., 2016, p.203).In the third part of the survey was Presumed Causes of G enderAtypically. This part consisted of asking the participants to indicate howstrongly they believed different factors cause gender atypical behaviors. Theparticipants determined whether biological (nature) causes genetics, hormones,and intelligence development, or, environmental (nurture) cause mother, father,media, and other environment caused gender atypicality (Elischberger et. al.,2016, p. 203). The results showed that on average the participants agreed thatenvironmental factors played more of a role in gender atypicality thanbiological factors. It shows that the participants believed other environmentalfactors and media were the highest causes of gender atypicality. I find the research done in the Boys Dont Cry or DoThey? Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Transgender Youth, to be veryinteresting. I believe that I am, and am becoming, more open to allowingtransgender people express their gender identity. I agree that the media andenvironmental factors play a key role in gend er atypicality, but I also believethat it comes from within. This article includes some stuff that we havediscussed in class, but we have yet to go into depth about transgender people,so I am not able to find a ring of connections between the class contentspecifically. Discussing the research that is found in this article would bebeneficial for a larger population because it assesses the attitudes of peoplewho believe that they are okay with transgender children and adolescence, anddetermine if they actually are.Overall, both articles included information that was accurate to how the U.S. populations feel towards transgender people. They both state that being more religious and having more conservative values correlate to people having more prejudice attitudes towards transgender people. If I were able to conduct my own study or include a category, I would include childrens point of view. I know they would not fully understand all the factors that go into nonconforming or transgend er individuals, but I believe it would be interesting to do a study that focused on how their mindset changes over the years about the topic and what, if any, biological and environmental aspects contribute to their attitudes. ReferencesElischberger, H. B., Glazier, J. J., Hill, E. D., & Verduzco-Baker, L. (2016, inch 22). Boys Dont Cry-or Do They? Adult Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Transgender Youth. Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-016-0609-yNorton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013, June 01). Heterosexuals Attitudes Toward Transgender People Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from https//www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/heterosexuals-attitudes-toward-transgender-people-findings-from-a

longterm nuclear effects :: essays research papers

When a atomic sleeve is detonated the energy of the bedevil is transferred to the surround surround in common chord forms blast, thermic radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms blast, th ermal radiation, and nuclear radiation.

A Room With A View Windy Corne :: essays research papers

EXPLORE THE CONTRAST BETWEEN WINDY CORNER AND MRS VYSES WELL APPOINTED FLAT. HOW DOES OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THESE ENVIRONMENTS PREPARE US FOR THE CONFLICT IN THE NOVEL.The first comparison to be drawn between the two environs is of their names. This is the first piece of information the reader is given, and is therefore of significance, as they have antithetic connotations. Windy Corner has links to nature and the weather due to the word windy. It implies change and movement-which is definitely applicable to that household. The Corner suggests a sheltered resting-place, which is quite discriminate because the household does seem somewhat removed or protected from society. This is in stark contrast to Mrs Vyses flat. The fact that she has ownership of it, rather than Cecil, suggests that this is her dominion, and as a result is the dominant one in their relationship. The word flat sounds cold, empty and static, as opposed to the vibrancy of Windy Corner. Forsters comment that it is well - official, is another of his sarcastic observations, and this leads us to believe that perhaps it does not have such high standards after all.The physical interiors are just as different as their appointed names. Mrs Vyses flat is not described in too much detail, but just enough so that the reader has a clear cipher of it in our minds. As mentioned above, the flat is proved not to have such high standards when Mrs Honeychurch reveals that there is a thick layer of flue under the beds. It is not a very pleasant place, as we see when darkness enveloped the flat. By contrast, there is so much light at Windy Corner that the curtains had been pulled to piece in order to protect the furniture. Light is associated with goodness, truth and honesty, and it is quite significant that this is missing from Mrs Vyses flat. Both homes have a piano, but the purpose for it appears to be quite different. In the flat, Lucy plays both Schumann and Beethoven, whereas at Windy Corner, it is lucky to stay in one piece, you neednt kick the piano (pg 104) The piano is not taken as seriously at Windy Corner, which is another indication of their easy-going attitude.The different environments also help us to find out about the characters of Lucy and Cecil. When they are introduced to their attendants homes, the reader gets fresh a insight into their characters.